Topics in Companion Animal Medicine
Volume 24, Issue 4 , Pages 175-181 , November 2009

Burden of Tick-borne Infections on American Companion Animals

  • Zenda L. Berrada, PhD
    • ,
  • Sam R. Telford III, DSc

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to: Sam R. Telford III, DSc, Division of Infectious Diseases and New England Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Rd, North Grafton, MA 01536

References 

  1. Ribeiro JMC. Blood feeding arthropods: live syringes or invertebrate pharmacologists?. Infect Agents Dis. 1995;4:143–152
  2. Yoder JA, Hedges BZ, Tank JL, et al. Dermal gland secretion improves the heat tolerance of the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, allowing for their prolonged exposure to host body temperature. J Therm Biol. 2009;34:256–265
  3. Telford SR, Dawson JE, Katavolos P, et al. Perpetuation of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in a deer tick-rodent cycle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93:6209–6214
  4. Spielman A, Rossignol PA. Insect vectors. In:  Warren KS,  Mahmoud AAF editor. Tropical and Geographical Medicine. New York: McGraw Hill; 1984;p. 167–183
  5. Shaw SE, Day MJ, Birtles RJ, et al. Tick-borne infectious diseases of dogs. Trends Parasitol. 2001;17:74–80
  6. Otranto D, Dantas-Torres F, Breitschwerdt EB. Managing canine vector-borne diseases of zoonotic concern: part one. Trends Parasitol. 2009;25:157–163
  7. Kjemtrup AM, Conrad PA. A review of the small canine piroplasms from California: Babesia conradae in the literature. Vet Parasitol. 2006;138:112–117
  8. Birkenheuer AJ, Correa MT, Levy MG, et al. Geographic distribution of babesiosis among dogs in the United States and association with dog bites: 150 cases (2000-2003). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005;227:942–947
  9. Telford SR, Goethert HK. Emerging tickborne infections: rediscovered and better characterized or truly new?. Parasitology. 2004;129:S301–S327
  10. Dumler JS, Madigan JE, Pusterla N, et al. Ehrlichioses in humans: epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:S45–S51
  11. Harvey JW, Simpson CF, Gaskin JM. Cyclic thrombocytopenia induced by a Rickettsia-like agent in dogs. J Infect Dis. 1978;137:182–188
  12. Ewing SA, Dawson JE, Panciera RJ, et al. Dogs infected with a human granulocytotropic Ehrlichia spp. (Rickettsiales: Ehrlichieae). J Med Entomol. 1998;34:710–718
  13. Neer TM, Breitschwerdt EB, Greene RT, et al. Consensus statement on ehrlichial disease of small animals from the infectious disease study group of the ACVIM. J Vet Intern Med. 2002;16:309–315
  14. Foggie A. Studies on the infectious agent of tickborne fever in sheep. J Pathol Bacteriol. 1951;63:1–15
  15. Iqbal Z, Rikihisa Y. Reisolation of Ehrlichia canis from blood and tissue of dogs after doxycycline treatment. J Clin Microbiol. 1994;32:1644–1649
  16. Birkenheuer AJ, Le JA, Valenzisi AM, et al. Cytauxzoon felis infection in cats in the mid-Atlantic states: 34 cases (1998-2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006;228:568–571
  17. Lissman BA, Bosler EM, Camay H, et al. Spirochete-associated arthritis (Lyme disease) in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1984;185:219–220
  18. Littman MP, Goldstein RE, Labato MA, et al. ACVIM Small Animal Consensus Statement on Lyme Disease in dogs: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. J Vet Intern Med. 2006;20:422–434
  19. Demma LJ, Traeger MS, Nicholson WL, et al. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever from an unexpected tick vector in Arizona. New Engl J Med. 2005;353:587–594
  20. Warner RD, Marsh WW. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. J Vet Intern Med. 2002;10:1413–1417
  21. Parola P, Paddock CD, Raoult D, et al. Tick-borne rickettsioses around the world: emerging diseases challenging old concepts. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005;18:719–756
  22. Billeter SA, Levy MG, Chronel BB, et al. Vector transmission of Bartonella species with emphasis on the potential for tick transmission. Med Vet Entomol. 2008;22:1–15
  23. Wormser GP, Dattwyler RJ, Shapiro ED, et al. the clinical assessment, treatment, and prevention of Lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:1089–1134
  24. Priestnall SL, Brownlie J, Dubovi EJ, Erles K. Serological prevalence of canine respiratory coronavirus. Vet Microbiol. 2006;115:43–53
  25. Bowman D, Little SE, Lorentzen L, et al. Prevalence and geographic distribution of Dirofilaria immitis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Ehrlichia canis, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in dogs in the United States: results of a national clinic-based serologic survey. Vet Parasitol. 2009;160:138–148
  26. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Lyme Disease, United States, 2003-2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007;56:573–576
  27. Falco RC, Smith HA, Fish D, et al. The distribution of canine exposure to Borrelia burgdorferi in a Lyme-disease endemic area. Am J Public Health. 1993;83:1305–1310
  28. Lindenmayer JM, Marsha D, Onderdon AB. Dogs as sentinels for Lyme disease in Massachusetts. Am J Public Health. 1991;81:1448–1455
  29. Magnarelli LA, Anderson JF, Schreier AB, et al. Clinical and serologic studies of canine borreliosis. J Vet Med Assoc. 1987;191:1089–1094
  30. Foley JE, Brown RN, Gabriel MW, et al. Spatial analysis of exposure of dogs in rural north-coastal California to vectorborne pathogens. Vet Rec. 2007;161:653–657
  31. Burgess EC. Natural exposure of Wisconsin dogs to the Lyme disease spirochete (Borrelia burgdorferi). Lab Anim Sci. 1986;36:288–290
  32. Guerra MA, Walker ED, Kitron U. Canine surveillance system for Lyme borreliosis in Wisconsin and Northern Illinois: Geographic distribution and risk factor analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001;65:546–552
  33. Hamer SA, Tsao JI, Walker ED, et al. Use of tick surveys and serosurveys to evaluate pet dogs as a sentinel species for emerging Lyme disease. Am J Vet Res. 2009;70:49–56
  34. Green RT, Levine JF, Breitschwerdt EB, et al. Antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in dogs in North Carolina. Am J Vet Res. 1988;49:473–476
  35. Duncan AW, Correa MT, Levine JF, et al. The dog as a sentinel for human infection: prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi C6 antibodies in dogs from southeastern and Mid-Atlantic states. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2005;5:101–109
  36. Olson PE, Kallen AJ, Bjorneby JM, et al. Canines as sentinels for Lyme disease in San Diego County, California. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2000;12:126–129
  37. Levy SA, O'Connor TP, Hanscom JL, et al. Evaluation of a canine C6 ELISA Lyme disease test for the determination of the infection status of cats naturally exposed to Borrelia burgdorferi. Vet Ther. 2003;2:172–177
  38. Magnarelli LA, Bushmich SL, Ijdo JW, et al. Seroprevalence of antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in cats. Am J Vet Res. 2005;66:1895–1899
  39. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diagnosis and management of tickborne rickettsial diseases: Rocky Mountain spotted fever, ehrlichioses, and anaplasmosis–United States: a practical guide for physicians and other health-care and public health professionals. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006;55(RR04):1–27
  40. Liddell AM, Stockham SL, Scott MA, et al. Predominance of Ehrlichia ewingii in Missouri dogs. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41:4617–4622
  41. Murphy GL, Ewing SA, Whitworth LC, et al. A molecular and serologic survey of Ehrlichia canis, E. chaffeensis, and E. ewingii in dogs and ticks from Oklahoma. Vet Parasitol. 1998;79:325–339
  42. Kordick SK, Breitschwerdt EB, Hegarty BC, et al. Coinfection with multiple tick-borne pathogens in a Walker Hound kennel in North Carolina. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37:2631–2638
  43. Greig B, Asanovich KM, Armstrong PJ, et al. Geographic, clinical, serologic, and molecular evidence of granulocytic ehrlichiosis, a likely zoonotic disease, in Minnesota and Wisconsin dogs. J Clin Microbiol. 1996;34:44–48
  44. Beall MJ, Chandrashekar R, Eberts MD, et al. Serologic and molecular prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Ehrlichia species in dogs from Minnesota. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2008;8:455–464
  45. Lappin MR, Breitschwerdt EB, Jensen WA, et al. Molecular and serologic evidence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in cats in North America. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004;6:893–896
  46. Breitschwerdt EB, Abrams-Ogg A, Lappin MR, et al. Molecular evidence supporting Ehrlicha canis-like infection in cats. J Vet Intern Med. 2002;16:642–649
  47. Gordon JC, Gordon SW, Peterson E, et al. Epidemiology of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Ohio, 1981: serologic evaluation of canines and rickettsial isolation from ticks associated with human case exposure sites. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1984;33:1026–1031
  48. Rodgers SJ, Morton RJ, Baldwin CA. A serological survey of Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia equi, Rickettsia rickettsii, and Borrelia burgdorferi in dogs in Oklahoma. Vet Diagn Invest. 1989;1:154–159
  49. Breitschwerdt EB, Moncol DJ, Corbett WT, et al. Antibodies to spotted fever-group rickettsiae in dogs in North Carolina. Am J Vet Res. 1987;10:1436–1440
  50. Case JB, Chomel B, Nicholson W, et al. Serological survey of vector-borne zoonotic pathogens in pet cats and cats from animal shelters and feral colonies. J Feline Med Surg. 2006;8:111–117
  51. Telford SR, Fikrig E. Progress towards a vaccine for Lyme disease. Clin Immunother. 1995;4:49–60
  52. Miller MA, Gardner IA, Kreuder DM, et al. Coastal freshwater runoff is a risk factor for Toxoplasma gondii infection of southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis). Int J Parasitol. 2002;32:997–1006

PII: S1938-9736(09)00073-7

doi: 10.1053/j.tcam.2009.06.005

Topics in Companion Animal Medicine
Volume 24, Issue 4 , Pages 175-181 , November 2009

Article Tools